fig4

Figure 4. (A) CO₂-neutral energy cycle through electrochemical reduction using renewable electricity sources^[86]. (B) Schematic diagram of ferroelectric controllable eCO₂RRs. The α-In₂Se₃ monolayer anchored by a single metal atom is positioned across the electrodes for the reversal of polarization and controlled catalysis, which is tuned by reversing the bias orientation^[99]. Free energy curves following the minimum energy route at 0 V (vs. RHE) for the eCO₂RRs on (C) Nb@In₂Se₃ and (D) Zr@In₂Se₃. *Stands for the active site. The inset illustrates the optimal shape of the intermediate. The shaded area in pink (light purple) denotes the catalytic reaction when the polarization is up (down)^[99]. eCO₂RRs: Electrochemical CO₂ reduction reactions.