fig1

Figure 1. Principles of photocatalytic water splitting reaction & CO₂RR (i) the process of photo-excitation to generate photogenerated electrons and holes, (ii) separation and migration of photogenerated charges; (ii’) bulk recombination of photogenerated charges; (ii’’) surface recombination of photogenerated charges; (iii) O₂ evolution reaction (OER); (iii’) H₂ evolution reaction (HER); (iii’’) CO₂RR.