fig5

Figure 5. (A) Equilibrium and thermoneutral voltages for water electrolysis as a function of temperature. (B) Schematic structures of an electrolytic cell, gap electrode assembly, and zero-gap electrode assembly. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society^[39]. (C) Engineering electrocatalysts for direct seawater electrolysis. Protocols for cathode modification of electronic structure modulation, tailoring local environment, and interface engineering. (D) Protocols for anode modification of building protective layer, tailoring local environment, and building Cl^- repulsion layer.